What should be the goal of humanity? The question of what we are ordered towards, and what we should order ourselves towards in common, hinges in one direction on what we think we are. What’s clear enough is that we are the sort of being that asks such questions as this one: we don’t act like animals with baked in instincts that do change over time but seemingly without much agency on the part of each species. We’re different. We can ask the question. And to ask the question is to see that for everything else, the embedded answer seems to be, at least, survival—but here early Darwinism was too dogmatic. Survival, yes, but even with the animals we see a kind of joy in the exercise of their nature that captivates us, as when we watch whales breach (without knowing why, exactly, they do so). There are times when they seem happy, in other words, at least in an analogous sense. And I’ll say, although this is far more controversial, that all these life forms seem to evolve towards that potential given the right conditions. There is something obviously “higher” about a whale or a gorilla than an amoeba or an ant.